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Recommendations for Contraceptive Use

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Chart of Family Planning Methods and STD Protection

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The Effects of Contraceptives on Bacterial and Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) compared to use of no contraceptive method:

Contraceptive Method Bacterial STDs Viral STDs
(including HIV)
Condoms

(male and female)

 Protective Protective
Spermicides containing Nonoxynol-9 Modestly protective against cervical gonorrhea and chlamydia No evidence of protection in vivo; in vitro evidence of virucidal effect
Diaphragms (and probably Cervical Caps) Probably modestly protective against cervical infection Protective against cervical cancer/human papilloma virus (HPV); otherwise undetermined
Hormonal Contraceptive Methods Perhaps associated with increased cervical chlamydia

Protective against symptomatic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); possible increased risk of unrecognized endometritis

 Not protective
Intrauterine Devices (IUD) Associated with increased risk of PID for women at elevated risk of STDs, especially in the first month after insertion (LNg IUDs might protect against PID, see LNg IUD Question 4) Not protective
Natural Family Planning (NFP) Not protective Not protective
Withdrawal Not protective Not protective
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) Not protective Not protective
Female Sterilization and Vasectomy Not protective Not protective

Citations:

  1. Cates W Jr. Contraceptive choice, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, and future fecundity. Journal of the British Fertility Society 1996;11(1):18-22.
  2. Feldblum P, Joanis C. Modern barrier methods: effective contraception and disease prevention. Research Triangle Park, NC: FHI, 1994.
    3.

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Any part of Recommendations for Updating Selected Practices in Contraceptive Use may be reproduced or adapted to meet local needs without prior permission from the TG/CWG Secretariat, provided the TG/CWG is acknowledged and the material is made available free of charge or at cost.

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