a) There is no minimum or maximum age, as long as the woman is at risk of pregnancy.
b) To receive an IUD, all women, especially young women, should be at low risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and receive careful counseling in order to understand potential risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)/infertility (possibly due to infection during IUD insertion and/or lack of protection against pelvic infection when exposed to STDs).
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a-b) The risk of PID is higher, statistically, among younger women. IUDs, in comparison to all other modern contraceptive methods, increase the risk of PID when a woman is infected with an STD. In addition, poor aseptic procedure during IUD insertion may introduce bacteria into the upper genital tract, which may lead to PID. Clients must be informed of these facts before choosing IUDs.
- Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, Chen JH, Meirik O. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: An international perspective. The Lancet 1992;339:785-788.
- Lee NC, Rubin GL, Ory HW, Burkman RT. Type of intrauterine device and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1983;62:1-6.
- Lee NC, Rubin GL, Borucki R. The intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease revisited: New results from the women's health study. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988;72(1):1-6.
- Cramer DW, Schiff I, Schoenbaum SC, et al. Tubal infertility and intrauterine device. The New England Journal of Medicine 1985;15:941-6.
- Darling JR, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, McKnight B, Moore DE. The intrauterine device and primary tubal infertility. Letter to The New England Journal of Medicine 1992;326(3):203-4.
- Darling JR, Weiss NS, Metch BJ, Chow WH, Soderstrom RM, Moore DE, Spadoni LR, Stadel BV. Primary tubal infertility in relation to use of an intrauterine device. The New England Journal of Medicine 1985;312(15):937-41.
- Task Force on Intrauterine Devices, Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization. PID associated with fertility regulating agents. Contraception 1984;30(1):1-21.
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