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Pre-test (Pre-test Answers)

Instructions

We recommend that you print this out. Complete the test and then check your answers. Once you've done that, make a note of your score so you can compare it with your score on the post test at the end of the course. 

Read each of the following questions and select one answer for each question. Indicate your selection by marking the correct answer with an X.

Questions

1. For women aged 15-44 and living in developing countries, which of the following accounts for the greatest burden of poor health?
   1. Reproductive tract disease or problems
   2. Respiratory infections
   3. Tuberculosis
   4. Motor vehicle injuries
   5. War
2. Which of the following statements is true about females in low-resource areas regarding their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and poor reproductive health?
   1. For biologic reasons women are less likely to be infected with HIV or other sexually transmitted infections.
   2. Women often receive more education than men and may have better understanding about HIV/AIDS and STIs and how to protect themselves.
   3. Women often have fewer economic options than men and may turn to commercial sex work for food or money for themselves or their family.
   4. Female genital mutilation may be protective against HIV/AIDS
   5. Women are less vulnerable to HIV/AIDS and reproductive problems because of better nutrition than men.
3. Which of the following types of sexual activity carry the greatest risk for HIV transmission?
   1. Oral intercourse
   2. Receptive vaginal intercourse
   3. Receptive anal intercourse
   4. Insertive anal intercourse
   5. Insertive vaginal intercourse
4. Which of the following women should be considered for HIV testing? 
   1. An 18-year-old woman who is pregnant for the first time 
   2. A 32-year-old woman who works as a prostitute to support her family 
   3. A 30-year-old woman with significant weight loss, fevers, and oral thrush 
   4. A 40-year-old woman whose husband is a long-distance truck driver and is away from home several days each week 
   5. All of the above
5. HIV counseling should include all of the following components EXCEPT:
   1. Information about HIV transmission and natural history
   2. Private discussion of personal risk characteristics
   3. Development of a risk reduction plan
   4. Linkage of infected individuals with care and other services
   5. Encouragement of voluntary surgical contraception
6. Of the following factors, which increases infectiousness of HIV?
   1. Sexually transmitted infection
   2. Antiretroviral therapy
   3. Amenorrhea
   4. Anemia
   5. Alcohol use
7. The magnitude of risk for a healthcare worker from a single needlestick injury from a patient with HIV infection is: 
   1. 30%
   2. 0.4%
   3. 0.09%
   4. 7%
   5. 95%
8. Which of the following practices is NOT good infection prevention? 
   1. Wearing face shield during obstetrical deliveries
   2. Disposing of used needles in general trash containers
   3. Careful handwashing after contact with blood or other body fluids
   4. High level disinfection of instruments that will be reused
   5. HBV immunization
9. Which of the following is a true statement about the female condom?
   1. Can be used only with water-based lubricants
   2. Can be safely reused if washed, rinsed and air dried after initial use
   3. Must be removed immediately after ejaculation
   4. May deteriorate if stored in areas with high humidity
   5. Is associated with irritation in most users
10. Protection against pregnancy, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections can be achieved by:
    1. Condom use alone
    2. Condom use PLUS another method of contraception
    3. Avoiding penetrative sex
    4. Using an effective method of contraception with an uninfected partner in a mutually monogamous relationship
    5. All of the above
11. Spermicides containing nonoxynol-9:
    1. Decrease likelihood of mucosal irritation
    2. May increase HIV transmission, especially in women with high rates of sexual activity
    3. Protect against infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)
    4. Decrease vaginal lubrication
    5. Decrease contraceptive effectiveness when used with condoms
12. Which of the following antiretroviral agents has been shown effective in reducing mother-to-child transmission rates when given in a single dose to the mother at onset of labor and to the newborn?
    1. Nevirapine
    2. Zidovudine (AZT)
    3. 3TC
    4. Zidovudine and 3TC
    5. Nelfinavir
13. In low-resource settings, the benefits of knowing that one is HIV-infected include the following EXCEPT:
    1. Treatment to cure HIV
    2. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
    3. Prevention of HIV transmission to sexual partners
    4. Assistance in planning for the future
    5. Prevention of tuberculosis
14. Which of the following is a true statement about risk factors for HIV infection:
    1. May help target HIV voluntary counseling and testing to those most likely to benefit from it, especially in areas with low HIV prevalence and few resources for counseling and testing
    2. Accurately estimate actual HIV infection rates in settings with high HIV prevalence
    3. Should be used to decide who should have mandatory testing and who should receive voluntary counseling and testing 
    4. Are most useful when signs or symptoms of HIV/AIDS are present 
    5. Are more limited in identifying men at risk for HIV/AIDS
15. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with an increased risk of which of the following:
    1. Hormonal contraceptive failure
    2. Placental abruption
    3. HIV transmission
    4. Menstrual disorders
    5. Spontaneous abortion
16. Women with HIV and HPV coinfections have:
    1. Shorter persistence of HPV infection
    2. Higher rates of cervical dysplasia
    3. Longer period of time from initial HPV infection to development of cervical dysplasia and cancer
    4. More nononcogenic HPV types
    5. More rapid progression of HIV
17. Which of the following is most effective in preventing mother-to-child transmission?
    1. Encourage early introduction of formula along with breastmilk to get the advantages of both
    2. Exclusively breastfeed all infants for 12-18 months
    3. Prevent new maternal HIV infections during pregnancy and lactation through condom use
    4. Give mother a single dose of nevirapine at the onset of labor
    5. Use of other lactating women in the community as wet nurses when the mother is HIV-positive
18. Which of the following factors increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission?
    1. Low plasma viral load
    2. High CD4 cell count
    3. Antiretroviral agents
    4. Long duration of membrane rupture
    5. Older age of the mother
19. Counseling women with HIV infection about family planning should include which of the following features?
    1. Discussion of all available methods of family planning
    2. Encouragement of voluntary surgical contraception
    3. Discussion of all methods except intrauterine devices (IUDs)
    4. Promoting the use of mineral oil as a lubricant with latex condoms
    5. Encouraging use of condoms alone for contraception
20. Special considerations for HIV-positive women in using combined oral contraceptive pills include:
    1. Possible drug interactions with some antiretroviral drugs
    2. Increase in anemia in women on oral contraceptive pills
    3. Protects against HIV transmission to sexual partners
    4. Can be safely used in older women who have high blood pressure
    5. Increase in risk of breast cancer