References

1. Parkin, M. Personal communication, IARC (July 2000).
2. PATH. Planning Appropriate Cervical Cancer Prevention Programs. 2nd ed. Seattle: PATH (2000). (Available at http://path.org/files/cxca-planning-appro-prog-guide.pdf.)
3. Bosch, F.X. et al. Human papillomavirus and other risk factors for cervical cancer. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 51(6–7):268–275 (1997).
4. Walboomers, J.M.M. et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. Journal of Pathology 189:12–19 (1999).
5. Bollen, L.J.M. et al. Clearance of cervical human papilloma virus infection by treatment for cervical dysplasia. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 24(8):450–460 (September 1997).
6. Jamison, D.T. et al. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press (1993).
7. Kols, A.J. and Sherris, J. HPV Vaccines: Promise and Challenges. Seattle, WA: PATH (July 2000).
8. IARC Working Group on Evaluation of Cervical Cancer Screening Programmes. Screening for squamous cervical cancer: duration of low risk after negative results of cervical cytology and its implication for screening policies. British Medical Journal 293:659–664 (September 13, 1986).
9. Miller, A.B. Cervical Cancer Screening Programmes: Managerial Guidelines. Geneva: WHO (1992).
10. Nasiell, K. et al. Behavior of mild cervical dysplasia during long-term follow-up. Obstetrics and Gynecology 67(5):665–669 (May 1986).
11. Holowaty, P. et al. Natural history of dysplasia of the uterine cervix. Journal of the NCI 91(3):252–258 (February 3, 1999).
12. Laara, E. et al. Trends in mortality from cervical cancer in the Nordic countries: association with organised screening programmes. Lancet 1(8544):1247–1249 (May 30, 1987).
13. Lazcano-Ponce, E.C. et al. Cervical cancer screening in developing countries: why is it ineffective? The case in Mexico. Archives of Medical Research 30:240–250 (1999).
14. Alonso de Ruiz, P. and Lazcano-Ponce, E. “Quality Control in Cytopathology Laboratories in Six Latin American Countries.” In: Wied, G.L. et al., eds. Compendium on Quality Assurance, Proficiency Testing, and Workload Limitations in Clinical Cytology. Chicago, Illinois: International Academy of Cytology (1995).
15. Wesley, R. et al. Evaluation of visual inspection as a screening test for cervical cancer. British Journal of Cancer 75(3):436–440 (1997).
16. Megevand, E. et al. Acetic acid visualization of the cervix: an alternative to cytologic screening. Obstetrics and Gynecology 88(3):383–386 (1996).
17. University of Zimbabwe/JHPIEGO Cervical Cancer Project. Visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical-cancer screening: test qualities in a primary-care setting. Lancet 353(9156):869–873 (March 13, 1999).
18. Sankaranarayanan, R. et al. Visual inspection with acetic acid in the early detection of cervical cancer and precursors [letter to the editor]. International Journal of Cancer 80:161–163 (1999).
19. van Niekerk, W.A. et al. Colposcopy, cervicography, speculoscopy and endoscopy. International Academy of Cytology Task Force summary. Diagnostic Tutorial. Acta Cytology 42(1):33–49 (January 1998).
20. Schiffman, M. et al. HPV DNA testing in cervical cancer screening: results from women in a high-risk province of Costa Rica. JAMA 283(1):87–93 (2000).
21. Wright, T.C. et al. HPV DNA testing of self-collected vaginal samples compared with cytologic screening to detect cervical cancer. JAMA 283(1):81–86 (January 5, 2000).
22. Bishop, A. et al. Cervical cancer: evolving prevention strategies for developing countries. Reproductive Health Matters 6:60–71 (1995).
23. Mitchell, M.F. et al. A randomized clinical trial of cryotherapy, laser vaporization, and loop electrosurgical excision for treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. Obstetrics & Gynecology 92(5):737–744 (1998).
24. McIntosh, N. et al. Cervical Cancer Prevention Guidelines for Low-resource Settings. Baltimore, MD: JHPIEGO Corporation (July 19, 2000, draft).
25. Lazcano-Ponce, E.C. et al. Barriers to early detection of cervical-uterine cancer in Mexico. Journal of Women’s Health 8(3):399–408 (1999).
26. Ajayi, I.O. and Adewolfe, I.F. Knowledge and attitude of general outpatient attendants in Nigeria to cervical cancer. Central African Journal of Medicine 44(2):41–43 (1998).
27. PATH. Assessing health need/community demand for cervical cancer control: results from a study in Kenya. Reproductive Health Reports No. 1. Seattle: PATH (December 1996).
    

Additional Cervical Cancer Resources 

Alliance Small Grants Program. Provides grants of up to US$20,000 to support projects by developing-country organizations working to prevent cervical cancer. For information, see the Alliance website at http://www.alliance-cxca.org, or write to the Alliance Small Grants Program care of PATH. 

Cervical Cancer List. This electronic mail group allows subscribers to share information on cervical cancer prevention issues, with a primary focus on developing countries. For information see http://www.path.org/resources/cxca_listserv.htm, or write to the list moderator at accp@path.org. 

Reproductive Health Outlook (RHO) Website. RHO’s Cervical Cancer section (http://www.rho.org/html/cxca.htm) provides extensive information about cervical cancer prevention, screening, and treatment in low-resource settings.